JOURNAL
ANALYSIS OF
SPEECH ACT AND SPEECH EVENT
A FILM OF AMBLIN
INTERTAINMENT’S
“THE ADVENTURE OF TINTIN-THE SECRET OF THE UNICORN”
By
10050183
Handled by Fita Lianasari, S.Pd
SUBMITTED AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE SOCIOLOGY CLASS AT ENGLISH EDUCATION
DEPARTEMENT OF
STKIP MUHAMMADIYAH PRINGSEWU LAMPUNG
2012
__________________________________________
SPEECH ACT AND SPEECH EVENT IN A FILM “THE ADVENTURE
OF TINTIN”
1.1.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the speech act
and speech event that is used in a nickelodeon film by Amblin Entertainment
“The Adventure of Tintin-The Secret of The Unicorn”. Film that based on story
“The Adventure of Tintin” by Herge use British-English Language. This study
used some dialogues from the characters of the film. After analysis, it could
be discovered speech act based on Austin’s theory (Locutionary, illocutionary,
and perlocutionary) and Searle’s theory (Directive, commissive, representative,
declarative, expressive), then speech event.
1.2.
INTRODUCTION
Speech act is the routine ways of
speaking or actions performed via utterance that involved both language and social
information like promise, argue, joke, utter, dare, curse, disdain, etc.
There are two theories about speech act.
According to Austin, speech act have three categories:
-
Locutionary Act is the speech act as
meaningful utterance.
-
Illocutionary Act is the speech act as
meaningful utterance with a certain conventional (performative) force.
-
Perlocutionary Act is the speech act as
meaningful utterance with a certain convetional force non-convetionally
bringing about certain effect.
While according to Searle, speech act
have five categories:
-
Directive is a speech act that is to
cause the hearer to take a particular action.
-
Commissive is a speech act that commits
a speaker to some future action (promises, refuses) e.g.
-
Representative is a speech act that
commits a speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.
-
Declarative is a speech act that changes
the reality in accord with the proposition of the declaration.
-
Expressive is a speech act that
expresses on the speaker's attitudes and emotions towards the proposition.
According to Dell Hymes
(1972), he concept of speech event relates to social interactional events
involving communication; how speech resources of the community are largely put
to use.
The components of
speech event are SPEAKING:
a.
Setting
“Setting refers
to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical
circumstances” (Hymes, p. 55).
b.
Participant
Participant is
speaker and audience.
c.
Ends
End is purpose,
goal, and outcome of speech (Hymes 56-57).
d.
Act Sequences
Act Sequence is
the forms and contents of speech situations.
e.
Key
Key is the
manner of speech. This has to do with the way the communication is effecting;
discussion, discourse, or performance.
f.
Instrumentalist
Instrumentalist
is the channel or code of communication.
g.
Norms
Norm is
behaviours and interpretations given to speech events.
h.
Genre
Genre is the
style of communication in the speech situation.
1.3.
OBJECT
AND METHOD
1.3.1. Object
The
object that was be investigated and analyzed is a film “The Adventure of Tintin-The Secret of the Unicorn”.
1.3.2. Method
The
method that was used in this analysis is observation.
1.4.
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
1.4.1.
Speech
Act
Austin’s
Theory
a. Locutionary Act
Locutionary
act is the speech act as meaningful utterance.
For
example in the film “The Adventure of
Tintin”:
Painter :
Very nearly there, sir.
I have to say, your face is familiar. Have I drawn you before?
Tintin :
Occasionally.
Painter :
Of course! I've seen you in the newspaper. You're
a reporter?
Tintin :
I'm a journalist.
###
Thompson :
Anything?
Thomson : Nothing.
###
The Man : (says to the seller) That young man, what's his name?
Seller : Him? Everybody knows him. That's Tintin.
b.
Illocutionary Act
Illocutionary
act is the speech act as meaningful utterance with a certain conventional
(performative) force.
For
example:
Tintin : How'd you do that?
Snowy showed the hole.
ð
Illocutinary of this is asking something
to know the way.
The man : Are you sure?
Tintin : Of course I'm sure……
ð
Illocutionary of this is sure more about
something.
Tintin : What is?
Thompson : Worthington's have a half-price sale on bowler hats!
Thomson : Really, Thomson! This is hardly
the time.
Great
Scotland Yard!
Thompson : What is it?
Thomson : Canes are half-price, too!
ð
Illocutionary of this is asking
something to get information.
c.
Perlocutionary act
Perlocutionary act is the speech act as meaningful
utterance with a certain convetional force non-convetionally bringing about
certain effect.
For example:
Tintin : Well, I might have something for you. Before he
lost consciousness, Dawes tried to tell me something, and I think he was
spelling out a word.
(circle
the clue) "...B- O-U-D-J-A-N. Karaboudjan."
Thompson : Karaboudjan!
Tintin : Does that mean anything to you?
Thompson : Great Scotland
Yard!
Thomson : That's extraordinary!
Tintin : What is?
Thompson : Worthington's have
a half-price sale on bowler hats!
###
Tintin : What is there to find?
The man : That depends
what you're looking for.
###
Painter : There. I believe I have captured something of your
likeness.
Tintin : Not bad.
Searle’s
Theory
a. Directive
Directive
is a speech act that is to cause the hearer to take a particular action.
For
example:
Oldman : Oh, yeah?
(said to Tintin) Tell me what you paid and I'll give you double.
Seller : Double?
Tintin : Thanks. But it's not for sale.
###
Tintin : Who? Who are you talking about?
The one : I'm trying to tell you that your life is in danger.
Tintin : Answer me!
Who?
Suddenly, that one was shot by
someone outside.
Tintin : Mrs. Finch! A man's been shot on our doorstep!
Mrs. Finch : Not again.
Tintin : Call an
ambulance!
b. Commissive
Commissive
is a speech act that commits a speaker to some future action (promises,
refuses) e.g.
For
example:
The man : Wonderful! It's just wonderful.
(said
to the seller) Don't bother wrapping it,
I'll take it as is. Does anybody object if I pay by cheque?
Seller : If you want to buy it, you'll have to talk to the
kid.
c.
Representative
Representative is a speech act that commits a
speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.
For example:
The man : I see.
(said
to Tintin) Well, let the "kid"
name his price.
Seller : (shock) "Name his price"? Ten years I've
been flogging bric-a-brac and I miss "name your price" by one
bleedin' minute!
Tintin : I'm sorry. I
already explained to the other gentleman.
d.
Declarative
Declarative is a speech act that changes the reality
in accord with the proposition of the declaration.
For example:
The man : That depends what you're looking for.
Tintin : I'm looking
for answers, Mr. Sakharine.
e. Expressive
Expressive is a speech act that expresses on the
speaker's attitudes and emotions towards the proposition.
For example:
The man : Wonderful! It's
just wonderful.
(said
to the seller) Don't bother wrapping it, I'll take it as is. Does anybody object if I pay by
cheque?
Seller : If you want to buy it, you'll have to talk to the
kid.
###
Open the door of his apartment. It
was mess.
Tintin : Great snakes!
Snowy toward the table, showed
something bellow of table.
Tintin : What is it, Snowy?
1.4.2. Speech Event
According to Dell Hymes
(1972), he concept of speech event relates to social interactional events
involving communication; how speech resources of the community are largely put
to use.
The components of
speech event are:
i.
Setting
“Setting refers
to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical
circumstances”. (Hymes, p. 55)
1. Time
Time
of this scene is in classic era. Because, the cloth that was used by the
characters is classic cloths.
2. Place
Place
of this speech in film “The Adventure of
Tintin”, in city, especially in Tintin’s apartment, the sea, bagghar, haddock’s
house, and desert.
j.
Participant
Participant in this
film are the characters of The Adventure
of Tintin; Tintin, Snowy, Haddock, Mr. Sakharine, Thompson and Thomson, Nestor,
seller, the pickpocket, and others.
k. Ends
End is purpose,
goal, and outcome of speech (Hymes 56-57).
Ends of this
speech from film are; Getting information.
Getting Information:
Tintin :
I'm sorry. It looks identical.
The man :
Well, looks can be deceiving.
Tintin :
Yes, indeed. But I don't understand! Why
did Sir Francis make two ships exactly alike? And you have one already. Why do
you want another? What is it about this model that would cause someone to steal
it?
The man :
Goodness me, why so many questions?
Tintin :
It's my job. There could be a story here. That's what I do, you see.
The man :
Well, it's no great mystery. Sir Francis Haddock was a drunkard and a hopeless
reprobate. He was doomed to fail, and he bequeathed that failure to his sons.
Tintin :
(enthusiastic) So it's true! The Haddock line is cursed.
The man :
What else have you found out?
Tintin :
What is there to find?
The man :
That depends what you're looking for.
Tintin :
I'm looking for answers, Mr. Sakharine.
The man, Mr Sakharine : You're looking in the wrong place.
It's
late. I think you should go home. (Locutionary)-(directive)
The Main End is
helping Haddock to find his hidden treasure.
l.
Act
Sequences
Act Sequence is
the forms and contents of speech situations. In this film used oral for act
sequence and rarely written.
Tintin :
(opened book, and found the certain page) Here it is.
"Sir
Francis Haddock of Marlinspike Hall, the last captain of the ill-fated Unicorn.
The ship set sail from Barbados in 1676 on one of the most ruinous voyages in
maritime history. Ship never reached destination. Attacked by pirates, all
hands lost except for one survivor. When Sir Francis was rescued and returned
home, he was convinced his name had been cursed. The Unicorn's manifest stated that
it was arrying a cargo of rum and
tobacco bound for Europe, but it was long claimed the ship was carrying a
secret cargo."
ð (Written)
m. Key
Key is the
manner of speech. Key of this is discussion, chatting, joking.
ð
Discussion
Thompson : Anything?
Thomson : Nothing.
n. Instrumentalist
Instrumentalist
is the channel or code of communication. Instrumentalists those are used this
film for speech; Face to face.
o. Norms
Norm is
behaviours and interpretations given to speech events. There are many kinds of
norm in this film.
ð
Shock
The
man : I see.
(said to Tintin) Well,
let the "kid" name his price.
Seller : (shock) "Name his price"? Ten years I've been flogging bric-a-brac
and I miss "name your price" by one bleedin' minute!
Tintin : I'm sorry. I already explained to
the other gentleman.
ð
Wonder
Tintin : (looked something in the mirror)
Snowy, look at this!
He
came to that thing, a miniature of ship.
Tintin : Triple masted. Double decks. Fifty guns. Isn't she a beauty?
Seller : That's a very unique specimen,
that is. From an old sea captain's estate.
Tintin : "The Unicorn."
ð
Angry
and Anxious
The
man : Goodness me, why so many questions?
Tintin : It's my job. There could be a
story here. That's what I do, you see.
The
man : Well, it's no great mystery.
Sir Francis Haddock was a drunkard and a hopeless reprobate. He was doomed to
fail, and he bequeathed that failure to his sons.
Tintin : (enthusiastic) So it's true! The
Haddock line is cursed.
The
man : What else have you found out?
Tintin : What is there to find?
The
man : That depends what you're looking for.
Tintin : I'm looking for answers, Mr.
Sakharine.
The
man, Mr Sakharine : You're looking in the wrong place.
ð
Many else of kind of norms from this
film; laugh, confuse, scream, confidence, and etc.
p. Genre
Most of
situation is informal, and some is formal.
For example of
formal situation:
Painter : Very nearly there,
sir.
I have to say, your face is familiar. Have I
drawn you before?
Tintin : Occasionally.
Painter : Of course! I've seen you in the newspaper. You're a reporter?
Tintin : I'm a journalist.
(said to snowy, his pet) Be patient, Snowy, not much longer.
1.5.
Conclusion
This study investigated the speech act
and speech event that is used in a nickelodeon film by Amblin Entertainment
“The Adventure of Tintin-The Secret of The Unicorn”. Film that based on story
“The Adventure of Tintin” by Herge use British-English Language. This study
used some dialogues from the characters of the film. After analysis, it could
be discovered speech act based on Austin’s theory (Locutionary, illocutionary,
and perlocutionary) and Searle’s theory (Directive, commissive, representative,
declarative, expressive), then speech event. Time of this scene is in classic
era. Place of this speech in film “The
Adventure of Tintin”, in city, especially in Tintin’s apartment, the sea,
bagghar, haddock’s house, and desert. Participant in this film are the characters
of The Adventure of Tintin; Tintin,
Snowy, Haddock, Mr. Sakharine, Thompson and Thomson, Nestor, seller, the
pickpocket, and others. Ends of this speech from film are; Getting information.
Act Sequence in this film used oral for act sequence and rarely written. Key of
this is discussion, chatting, joking. Instrumentalists those are used this film
for speech; Face to face. There are many kinds of norm in this film; shock,
wonder, angry and anxious, and others. Most of situation is informal, and some
is formal.
__________________________________________________________
REFERENCE
___________.
Speech Act Component and Function. www.utexas.edu/courses/stross/ant307_files/components.htm .
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